舊金山宣言(中譯)
舊金山，美國加州
September 16, 2011

　　爾等APEC部長、資深政府官員及民間領袖們於2011年9月16日齊聚於加州舊金山，共同參與由美國國務卿希拉蕊科林頓主持之婦女與經濟高階策對話會議。

　　性別平等對經濟及社會發展實為重要，而為兩性提供均等的機會則可支持經濟成長並有助於消弭貧窮。APEC領袖們在2010年11月於日本橫濱舉行的領袖會議中即意識到，由於亞太地區女性的潛能尚未被完全開發，致使婦女們對該區域之經濟貢獻有限。因此，APEC領袖們期望能協力合作，強化政府及業界中女性的企業家精神，並強化其領導能力，以改善婦女取得融資、接受教育及訓練、受聘雇、接觸科技，以及接受衛生系統照護的機會。

　　自2011年起，APEC經濟體將採取具體行動，包括讓婦女充分發揮潛力、使其更全面地融入APEC經濟體中、善加利用其聰明才智、消除限制婦女全面參與經濟的障礙，以及盡可能使她們的經濟成長達到最大貢獻。已開發及開發中國家皆有證據顯示，提升婦女的參與將帶來更快且較公平的收入成長、創造更多的商業機會，而透過促進創新思維及充分利用這項重要的人力資源，將能提升企業及經濟體的競爭力。此外，經證實婦女有較高的收入會對家庭的健康及教育帶來顯著正面的影響，全面提升社會福利，並可支持和生產力及包容性成長有關的未來收益。我們亦認定健康照護及教育服務可為婦女的經濟參與帶來利益。因此支持婦女經濟賦權的行動方針應成為APEC領袖成長策略在執行面上的核心要素。

　　若能對婦女有更多的包容性，將更能擴展本區域的繁榮富足，對未來亦是一項投資。婦女若得以全面地積極參與經濟活動，包括參與企業和政府中的決策和治理，也將產生良好的社會和環境效益，這對發掘包容性和永續成長的目標至關重要。我們決心採取具體行動，落實促進兩性平等的政策及方案，並改善法律規範，以擴展婦女在APEC經濟體中的經濟機會。

　　我們欣見APEC婦女與經濟政策夥伴（PPWE）的成立，使婦女的貢獻對經濟成長上的影響更有效率地提升，並能促進整個地區的婦女經濟賦權。此外，我們亦認可APEC在性別平等議題上所作的成果和努力，故已委託 PPWE，並透過與其他APEC實體合作，對所有APEC會員體針對婦女和經濟議題提供有效的政策建議。

　　在此，謹代表所有APEC經濟體宣達我們的決心，要將性別觀點納入主流，解決那些阻礙婦女全面參與經濟的主要障礙。APEC的初期任務將著重於以下四個優先領域：提高融資融通的機會、進入市場的機會、培養能力及技術，以及婦女的領導力。而在追求這些優先領域的過程中，APEC適時地與婦女商務相關協會及CSW及UN Women等國際組織網路互助合作，亦甚為重要。為實現本宣言，APEC秘書處將會提供支持協助。

融資融通的機會

　　歧視性的法律與監管制度，以及銀行業務執行的慣例上可能會造成婦女在獲得資本及資產上的具體障礙。相較於男企業主，證據顯示婦女擁有的企業往往規模較小、營運年資短且利潤較低，且一般來說較難獲取資金。而資訊的匱乏以及欠缺對借貸規定與實務操作的了解，亦阻礙了女企業主獲得資本的能力。取得資金的困難仍是APEC各經濟體中的女企業家和企業主所擔心的事。銘記著這些挑戰的同時，我們呼籲官員們：

• 重新審視遺產繼承權、夫妻共同財產所有權、動產或不動所有權，以及已婚、離婚及喪偶女戶長之救濟福利等相關法律，並向APEC資深官員們提出報告；
• 為女企業家及企業主們推動更具包容性的融資融通服務；
• 針對現行有效的中小企業貸款方案進行盤點，包括由中央政府或私人機構所提供的微型貸款，而與這些方案相關的使用情形及指標，以及該方案是否為女性擁有的企業提供有效服務，亦需特別予以註記，為現行貸款方案建立一套參考基準；
• 針對中央和地方各級政府就改善女性中小企業融資能力採取了哪些措施進行調查並舉辦工作坊，以確認並分享最佳實務案例，並與G-20 金融包容性全球夥伴小組（GPFI）合作，以充份利用其在本議題上已開展的工作成果;
• 與GPFI及OECD合作，並獲得其承諾，以改善中小企業及其融資相關的性別資料彙集。

進入市場的機會

　　進入市場機會的缺乏會阻礙女性的企業成長，並限縮其所能創造的工作機會。藉由施展婦女的商業敏感度（包括透過指導和技術援助方案）、建立APEC經濟體中的法規環境及市場機會的相關資訊（包括透過媒合和技術援助方案），以及提高更多的機會以取得政府和企業的採購案（包括透過多元供應商的倡議），將使婦女得以活躍於市場中，並將其業務拓展至國內外市場。為了應對這些挑戰，我們呼籲官員們：

• 找出包括多元供應商和技術援助在內的方案，並向APEC資深官員提出報告。透過這些由跨國企業、政府和中小企業參與的最佳實務方案，女企業主、女企業家、偏遠地區婦女及原住民婦女所受的障礙得以消弭，還得以獲取APEC經濟體法規環境的最新訊息，識別出國外市場的商機，並加以充分利用;
• 找出可以幫助婦女取得業務往來及銷售管道機會的網絡和協會。

培養能力與技術

　　國家人力資本的發展是驅動經濟力的重要關鍵，而能力與技術的培養則是發展人力資本的根本之道。女性在許多APEC經濟體中佔其人口的一半，然而，這樣的人力資本常未被充分利用。婦女面臨無法充分接觸和參與教育培訓的障礙，這使她們在勞動市場和業界中無法充分準備以邁向成功。許多實證研究指出，經過培訓後，婦女可獲得更好的就業機會，還能使其業務的成長蒸蒸日上，並創造就業的機會。獲得資訊對擴展婦女的經濟角色上是非常重要的一件事，亦需得到APEC經濟體的重視。女性常因所處的社交與專業網絡規模較小，進而對如何公平地進入勞動市場、就業和經商機會的認知有所限制，亦缺乏如何處理經營過程中各項挑戰的資訊。為解決這些情形，我們呼籲官員們：

• 鼓勵賦予婦女權力，並廢除限制婦女潛力與能力的歧視性措施，使其得以培養自身的技能;
• 調查各國政府針對女企業家、女企業主、偏遠地區女性及原住民婦女提供哪些支持企業的諮商與訓練機會，從中找出最佳範例，並舉辦工作坊進行交流分享；
• 在現有的能力建構和中小企業援助方案中，酌情納入性別分析，並培訓這些方案的執行者，使其了解如何進行性別平等分析，讓他們對兩性所面臨挑戰的差異有更佳的敏感度及理解力。
• 調查各國政府運用哪些科技(諸如網際網絡通訊或行動電話科技)來訓練女性企業主，並舉辦工作坊分享這些最佳範例；
• 調查優良的經商模式，並與經營小型及微型企業的婦女們分享。

婦女的領導力

　　當前全球的經濟部門裡，由女性擔任領導地位者為數甚少。公、私部門的董事會、高階管理層級或其他重要經濟決策的角色中，婦女所擔任的領導職位與她們對經濟的貢獻、自身教育水準及商業成就上亦不成比例。研究指出下列四項女性在晉升職場領導層級可能遭遇的主要障礙：組織體制上的障礙，包括缺乏楷模典範，以及受非正規網絡的排擠；平衡工作與生活的挑戰，包括出差需求及長工時的工作排程；對女性的刻板印象，指在分派職位職務時，對男性和女性有不同的評價；最後是個人心態的障礙，這是因缺乏正向的強化機制與同儕和上級的支持所致。我們認為這些因素不僅阻礙女性去承擔更多的責任職務，也是企業或組織在發展過程中的絆腳石。我們還必需慎重的考慮到，這些障礙有很多是來自於繁重的家務勞動和照顧家人乃由婦女承作的性別刻板印象。社會上仍然普遍認為照顧孩子和維持家庭是婦女主要的責任，對進入勞動市場和擁有中小企業的婦女來說，這使她們在追求更好的表現時受到限制。

　　因此，呼籲官員們：

• 鼓勵下一代的女性領導人們；
• 找出公、私部門中有哪些最佳範例，藉由這些最佳範例的推廣，讓各APEC經濟體更能意識到提倡多元性別對經濟成長和企業競爭力可得到哪些有利的影響；
• 在有公、私部門領導人參與的APEC推廣活動和工作坊裡，宣傳下列措施所能獲得的經濟利益：推展工作與生活平衡、在公、私營機構實施性別平等標準、組成多元領導團隊，以及婦女賦權等其他措施；
• 促進偏遠地區婦女、原住民婦女，以及社會企業的公平參與，使其更能獲得各種機會；
• 找出各種模範措施來彰顯女企業家和商界領袖的事蹟，以提升婦女的領導力；
• 請各經濟體就其ABAC成員中至少納入一位女性作出具體的努力； 
• 採取積極主動的態度，並在必要時共同合作，俾使包括在企業董事會和類似的公部門組織中擔任高階管理職位的婦女人數增加。

Beyond 2011

　　期望未來APEC的主辦國能比照本次增辦高階會議，針對如何運用女性的天賦、創意及領導力，進行新成長策略的討論。

舊金山宣言（原文）
High Level Policy Dialogue on Women and the Economy
San Francisco, California
September 16, 2011
Declaration

We, APEC ministers and senior government officials, along with private sector leaders, met in San Francisco, California, September 16, 2011 for the High Level Policy Dialogue on Women and the Economy, under the Chairmanship of U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton.

In November 2010 in Yokohama, the APEC Leaders recognized that the full potential of women to contribute to the Asia-Pacific regional economy remains untapped. Gender equality is central to economic and social development. Equal opportunity for women and men supports economic growth and helps to reduce poverty. The APEC Leaders therefore expressed their will to work together to improve women’s access to finance, education, training, employment, technology, and health systems by promoting entrepreneurship and greater leadership for women in business and government.

In 2011 and beyond, APEC economies will take concrete actions to realize the full potential of women, integrate them more fully into APEC economies, harness their talents, remove barriers that restrict women’s full economic participation, and maximize their contributions towards economic growth. Evidence from both developed and developing economies has shown that increased participation of women will generate faster and more equitable income growth, create greater business opportunities, and enhance competitiveness for firms and economies by facilitating innovative thinking and fuller use of a significant resource. Moreover, higher incomes for women have proven to have significant positive impact on health and education outcomes for households, improving overall welfare and bolstering future gains in productivity and inclusive growth. We recognize the benefits healthcare and education services provide to women’s engagement in the economy. Actions to support women’s economic empowerment should be a core component in implementing the APEC Leaders’ Growth Strategy. 

Greater inclusion of women will expand prosperity in the region and is an investment for the future. Women’s active participation in the economy at all levels, including in decision-making and governance in business and government, will also result in favorable social and environmental benefits, which are essential in addressing inclusive and sustainable growth objectives. We are determined to take concrete actions, implement gender responsive policies and programs, and improve laws and regulations to expand economic opportunities for women in APEC economies.

We welcome the establishment of the APEC Policy Partnership on Women and the Economy (PPWE), which streamlines and elevates the influence of women’s contributions towards economic growth and fosters women’s economic empowerment across the region. Also, recognizing the outcomes and efforts regarding gender equality issues on which APEC has worked, we have tasked the PPWE, including by working with other APEC entities, to provide effective policy recommendations on women and the economy to APEC member economies. 

We declare our determination for APEC economies to mainstream gender to address the most significant barriers hindering women’s full economic participation. APEC’s work will initially focus on the following four priority areas: improving access to capital, access to markets, capacity and skills building, and women’s leadership. In pursuing these priority areas it will be critical for APEC to collaborate with and support the work of networks of women business associations and international organizations such as the Commission on the Status of Women and UN Women, as appropriate. The APEC Secretariat will provide support to implement this Declaration.

Access to Capital

Discriminatory legal and regulatory systems and banking practices can pose specific hurdles for women’s access to capital and assets. Evidence has shown that women-owned businesses tend to be smaller, newly established, and less profitable than male-owned businesses and generally have greater difficulty in accessing capital. A lack of information and knowledge about lending requirements and practices hinders women business owners’ ability to obtain capital. The challenges in accessing capital remain a concern for women entrepreneurs and business owners among APEC member economies. With these challenges in mind, we call on officials to:  

• Review and report to APEC Senior Officials the status of laws regarding inheritance, spouse joint property ownership, and the rights to ownership of moveable and immoveable property, as well as head of household benefits for married, divorced and widowed women;
• Promote more inclusive access to financial services for women entrepreneurs and business owners; 
• Conduct an inventory of existing effective SME lending programs, including micro-lending, offered at the central government level and in the private sector, making special note of the usage and metrics around these programs and their effectiveness in serving women-owned businesses to establish a baseline of current lending programs;
• Conduct a survey and workshop to identify and share best practices of government measures at the central and local level with a view to improving the capacity of women-owned SMEs in accessing capital, in collaboration with the G-20 Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI) sub-group to leverage the work they have undertaken on this issue; and 
• Collaborate with the GPFI sub-group and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in their commitment to improve the collection of sex-disaggregated data on small and medium enterprises and SME finance.

Access to Markets

A lack of access to markets impedes the growth of women-owned businesses and restricts the number of jobs created. The ability of women active in the marketplace to expand their markets (domestically and internationally) can be improved by realizing women’s business acumen (including through mentoring and technical assistance programs); making information on regulatory environments in APEC economies and market opportunities (including through match-making and technical assistance programs); and promoting greater opportunities to obtain government and corporate contracts (including through supplier diversity initiatives). To address these challenges, we call on officials to:

• Identify and report to APEC Senior Officials, programs, including supplier diversity and technical assistance initiatives, that represent best practices of multi-national enterprises, governments, and SMEs that remove the barriers for women business owners and entrepreneurs, including rural and indigenous women, to obtain up-to-date information on the regulatory environments in APEC economies, and identify and take advantage of domestic or international market opportunities; and
• Identify networks and associations that can assist women to access business connections and distribution channels.

Capacity and Skills Building

Capacity and skills building is an essential way to develop an economy’s human capital—a key driver of economic competitiveness.  However, in many APEC economies only half of the human capital is fully utilized. Women face barriers to full access to and participation in education and training that can prepare them for success in the workforce and in business. Multiple empirical studies show that after training, women have access to better jobs and are increasingly able to grow their businesses and create employment. Access to information is critically important to expanding women’s economic roles and requires the attention of APEC economies. Women tend to have smaller social and professional networks, which limit their awareness of and equal access to labor markets, employment and business opportunities and information on how to handle challenges in operating their businesses. To address these circumstances, we call on officials to:

• Encourage the empowerment of women and remove discriminatory practices which inhibit women’s capacity and ability to build their skills;
• Conduct a survey and workshop to identify and share best practices that support entrepreneurial counseling and training opportunities that are offered at the economy level that target women, including entrepreneurs and business owners as well as rural and indigenous women;
• Incorporate a gender analysis, as appropriate, into existing capacity and skills building and SME assistance programs, and train the people who deliver programs on how to conduct gender equality analysis, so they can be more sensitive to and understand the different challenges faced by men and women;
• Conduct a survey and workshop to share best practices on how economies use technology (such as internet communications or mobile technologies) to train women businesses owners; and
• Conduct and share an inventory of good business models for women in small and micro enterprises.

Women’s Leadership

Globally, in economic sectors, there is a lack of representation of women in leadership roles in both the private and public sectors. Whether on corporate boards, in senior-level management positions, or other important economic decision-making roles, women represent a much smaller percentage of leadership positions than their economic contribution, education levels, and business successes would indicate. Studies have identified four major barriers preventing women from rising to leadership positions: organizational obstacles, including a lack of role models and exclusion from informal networks; work-life balance challenges, including travel requirements and long work schedules; institutional mindsets, meaning women are evaluated differently for positions from men; and finally, individual mindsets, due to a lack of positive reinforcement, and peer and senior-level support. We agree that these barriers are problematic not only for women looking to take on more responsibility, but also to the growth and success of the business or organization. It is also important to consider that many of these obstacles come from gender stereotypes related to the heavier load of domestic work and care-giving done by women. Society still sees women as mainly responsible for taking care of the children and maintaining the household, and this can become a restraint for women to enter the labor market and for women-owned SMEs to achieve a better performance.

Therefore we call on officials to:  

• Encourage the upcoming generation of women leaders; 
• Raise awareness within APEC economies about the favorable effects of gender diversity initiatives on economic growth and corporate competitiveness by identifying and disseminating best practices from the private and public sector; 
• Publicize the economic benefits gained from promoting work-life balance, implementing gender equality standards in private and public organizations, diversified leadership teams, and other measures for women’s empowerment, through APEC outreach and workshop activities, involving leaders from the public and private sectors; 
• Foster an equitable participation of rural and indigenous women, and social enterprises, increasing their access to opportunities;
• Identify model measures to raise women entrepreneurs and business leaders’ profiles to promote women’s leadership;
• Make a concerted effort to include at least one woman in their ABAC membership; and
• Take a proactive approach and work together as necessary to increase the representation of women in senior management positions, including on corporate boards and equivalent public sector organizations.

Beyond 2011

Future APEC host economies are encouraged to host additional high-level sessions to discuss new growth strategies that harness women’s talents, innovation, and leadership.

下載：2011年舊金山宣言(PDF檔案, 272kb)